15 Firstly, the sample was largely male (73%), and most were married. In contradistinction to the sample from the Liberation War most (65%) were employed, and, since the majority were supporters of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), this probably reflects bias to the urban and educated group frequently associated with the MDC. AS can be seen from Table 17 below, the perpetrators, at least for this sample, were drawn from three main groups. Surprisingly, there was no mention of either the Zimbabwe Republic Police or the Zimbabwe Republic Army, groups that have been mentioned in other reports, albeit with less frequency than the three groups mentioned here. Table 17. Perpetrators during the 2000 Parliamentary Elections. Perpetrators CIO War Veterans Zanu(PF) supporters Percentage 4% 35% 61% As can be seen from Table 18, relatively high rates of torture are reported. The mean number of different torture types experienced was high, and much more like the survivors from the Liberation War than the Food Riots. Physical abuse and psychological torture were the most common categories, but the witnessing of torture was also common. Table 18. Types of torture reported during the 2000 Parliamentary Elections. Physical abuse Deprivation IMPACT TORTURE Sensory over stimulation Psychological abuse PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE Witnessing assaults Witnessing executions WITNESSING TORTURE TOTAL TORTURE 1.8 (1.3) 0.44(0.7) 2.3(1.9) 0.04(0.2) 2.1(1.5) 2.12(1.5) 0.92(1.1) 0.4(0.8) 1.3(1.3) 5.7(3.8) There were significant numbers of the victims with clinically significant psychological disorders (46%). The mean SRQ-8 score (4.1; s.d: 1.8) was higher than that obtained from the victims of the Food Riots, which is unsurprising in view of the finding that the victims from the Parliamentary Elections experienced more severe torture and multiple occasions of torture. A high proportion (39%) of the victims reported periods of unconsciousness, which was all associated with physical torture, and beatings in particular. Table 19. Unconsciousness reported by victims from 2000 Parliamentary Elections. >30 minutes 3 30-60 minutes 5 60-120 minutes <120 minutes 0 3 Here we should comment that this sample was drawn mainly from victims in urban areas and from the communal lands, and another study conducted by the AMANI Trust, in internallydisplaced commercial farm workers, has shown a very much worse profile 5. In this most recent study, it was found that 71% had suffered a recent experience of torture, with 65% having another 5 See AMANI (2002), Preliminary Report of a Survey on Internally Displaced Persons from Commercial Farms in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE. AMANI TRUST: Beating your opposition. Torture during the 2002 Presidential campaign in Zimbabwe.