its citizens are in exile, ranging from the highly talented and competent, to the sadly
vulnerable, ill and weak. The patchy attempts by the Zimbabwe coalition government to
engage with and develop a policy for the diaspora leave much to be desired. While this may be
partly a matter of money and partly a matter of being over stretched at home, there needs to
be a comprehensive move to make it worthwhile for people to return, and also a clear attempt
to engage those in the diaspora in processes such as national healing and devising a new
constitution. People will not come home as long as there are no jobs for them, and as long as
they do not feel safe from political violence. There are no easy solutions for these problems,
but apart from a conference in the Cape in December 2009 that engaged a very elite group of
the diaspora only, and a few inappropriate calls from senior MDC officials simply appealing to
the diaspora to come back, there is little systematic attempt to deal with the diaspora. The
Constitutional Parliamentary Committee (COPAC) announced recently that there would be no
diaspora outreach during the constitutional process, owing to no funds being available, but in
our experience there is a very keen interest to be involved, among Zimbabweans in South
Africa at least. Civics in either South Africa or Zimbabwe could play a role in ensuring that at
least some in the diaspora are kept involved and are encouraged to make submissions in
writing, to reduce the sense of alienation felt by so many.
The reasons for Zimbabweans leaving in their thousands will be taken as understood in this
report – Zimbabwe has suffered a highly publicized and dramatic plunge in the last decade
with: wide spread political violence; repression; mass displacements of urban dwellers and
farm workers as a result of deliberate urban demolitions and farm invasions; collapse of food
production resulting, at times, in half of the population needing WFP food to survive; closure
of schools and hospitals in 2008; the biggest cholera epidemic in Africa in 15 years affecting
100,000 people; hyperinflation estimated at 87 septillion percent at its peak. While the
situation is now more stable, formal employment remains almost impossible to find, and
living wages among the employed are also rare. For now, hundreds of thousands of
Zimbabweans will continue to make the long journey southward in the increasingly vain hope
of a better life. The job market in South Africa is showing signs of being oversubscribed; with
40% unemployed locally, and the boost to the labour market given by construction linked to
the WFC about to come to an end, this situation is likely to worsen.
Since 2004, some progress has been made both in terms of the South African authorities’
official recognition of the mass migration of Zimbabweans into South Africa, and in the growth
of non‐governmental responses to the crisis. However, in both cases, responses remain too
insignificant to deal with the scale of the migration. Official documentation channels remain
ad hoc and inappropriate to deal with the scale of arrivals.
Need for services and resources by Zimbabwean migrants continues to outstrip the capacity
of either government or NGOs to respond, and the abuse or denial of fundamental rights is
prevalent as a result. Zimbabwean migrants, and migrants generally, fall outside of core
South African government policies in terms of service delivery – but then so do millions of
South Africa’s poorest citizens, and the lack of access to support that migrants experience is
no different to the marginalization of many of South Africa’s own destitute.
Across South Africa, some Zimbabweans and other migrants continue to report lack of access
to health and education, and a lack of understanding among prospective employers of their
rights to work. It has become easier for Zimbabweans with passports to enter South Africa,
with the introduction in May 2009 of a 90‐day visa issued free at entry. This was not a special
dispensation, and simply belatedly brought Zimbabwe in line with other neighbouring
countries who have had visa free entry to South Africa for some time. However, most
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