11 Mupamombe (15), Mashonga (14), “Biggie” Chitoro (11), and Rwodzi (10) all received frequent mention. Table 8. Total numbers of times persons in each category identified as a perpetrator Category of Perpetrator Member of Parliament Central Intelligence Organisation Zimbabwe Republic Police Zimbabwe National Army Zimbabwe Prison Service Zimbabwe National Liberation War Association ZanuPF PF (Supporter) ZanuPF PF (Youth) ZanuPF PF (Official) Government & local government officials Total: Nos. Veterans Percentage 26 7 56 3 1 25 Nos. of times mentioned. 58 9 88 9 0 150 464 6 8 12 608 1045 13 7 15 1,394 74.9 0.93 0.5 1.08 4.2 0.65 6.31 0.65 0 10.8 Amongst the Members of Parliament, there were a large number who were mentioned more than once. Shadreck Chipanga (6), Saviour Kasukawere (5), Border Gezi (5), Elliot Manyika (5), J.B. Matiza (4), and Mark Madiro (4) were all multiple offenders according to the reports received by the Forumxx. Dr. Chenjerai Hitler Hunzvi, the deceased Member of Parliament for Chikomba and leader of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association (ZNLWVA), of course is probably the most notorious, as is the deceased Border Gezi. In respect of the latter, there has been at least one report to the Human Rights Forum alleging that Border Gezi had set in place a “hit squad”xxi. Doctor Hunzvi made no attempt to hide his involvement in violence and was on record many times threatening violence and clearly indicating that he was in charge of the “war veterans”. Over 13% of the total above can be considered to be “officials” of one kind or another, and this again speaks very strongly to the idea that the violence was organized and condoned by the State. The involvement of Members of Parliament in gross human rights violations is a very serious problem, and this has been recognized by the placing of most of these MPs on the personal sanctions lists of the US and the EU. I will return to this issue later, as well as the issue of the most notorious of the perpetrators, but it now worth while looking at patterns, especially as they relate to elections. 6. The relationship with elections Many of the reports on the elections, as well as the human rights reports, make the observation that there was a curious association between the violence and the areas in which ZanuPF would have been expected to have done well in elections xxii. It is curious that so much torture was reported from areas in which ZanuPF would expect to be strong, and it is tempting to merely conclude that the organized violence and torture from both elections was merely to ensure demand for ZanuPF and abandonment of the MDC. This was undoubtedly part of the purpose, but it should also be noted that the Provinces that rank highly are also those Provinces in which there reside large numbers of commercial farm workers, and particularly plantation workers. Some Zimbabwean Provinces have very high numbers of farm workers, whilst others do not, and the difference lies in whether the climate allows cropping, which involves large manpower, or livestock, which requires only small numbers of people. The Perpetrators of Gross Human Rights Violations in the current violence in Zimbabwe.