Bregje Wijsenbeek TAMARA NAIDOO tn Programme Manager, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Johannesburg Towards peaceful and inclusive societies: The UN 2030 Agenda’s Goal 16 and gender, peace and security Naidoo’s presentation focused on gender and peacebuilding in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the global development framework with goals and targets covering economic, social development and environmental protection. For Naidoo, the UN 2030 Agenda is one of the most progressive international commitments to eradicating poverty in its seeking to address poverty through a multitude of intersectional issues. Using the 2030 Agenda’s intersectionality as a tool to examine conventional peacebuilding efforts, Naidoo spoke about how it exposes the extent to which patriarchal gender norms are institutionalised and continue to reproduce narrowly defined, unjust programmes and insecurity, despite the good intentions of the peacebuilders. For Naidoo, with the key resources directed to high-level state-building and military strength, gender-based violence remains endemic, yet secondary. By linking Goal 5 (gender issues) and Goal 16 (conflict and gender violence), Naidoo examined the ways in which conflict exacerbates gender inequality and the double burden of women in the productive and reproductive function within times of conflict. Naidoo highlighted several key opportunities in streamlining peacebuilding goals to contribute to a multi-pronged approach able to protect and promote the rights of women and empower women and their families through measures of accountability, which include aid effectiveness, dialogue and effective financing. For Naidoo, the 2030 Agenda potentiates the mix of state and non-state actors in peacebuilding to re-align energy and resources Ultimately, for Naidoo, there is a need to rethink conventional peacebuilding strategies that omit gendered analysis. Naidoo notes, though, that a gendered analysis is not a straightforward task. She attributes this to the change in beliefs held by what she terms ‘millennial feminists’ who, she argues, have removed the binary asks of traditional feminists, and assert a full plate of rights in the gendered analysis of peacebuilding. Environmental, developmental, socio-economic and democratic interests are all relevant in the upliftment of women. In conclusion, Naidoo noted that, while UN normsetting activities like the 2030 Agenda are useful for inspiring common action, the UN and related bodies can perpetuate the fixation with state-level peacebuilding. To address gender-based violence and the host of ills related to it, a sustainable peace is dependent upon ‘bottom-up nation-building processes’. PANEL 1: Recent developments in international accountability for conflict-related sexual violence / 5