,,·{ Tlw IL·JJHr:;d fJ,:Jll1 ollH>ol of a \u1mg 1(1 !li:i!i\. l>l IO \\ aJH_>1h! in ]Jel jJ'!ll'nlS. 11) hell I.', Li 1Jcl iJJ Jd fur l!LiJ- JJid lih"_limil\ IJtl UJlliOJliiniii,·s to dHclup bl'J i>1i 1 JkcL She al1o losl·S out ou fnc mls ouhicJ,. ]Jd Lnnih eire it, <llld m.m C•\hu u<.dul :li!ls TLis JHiUU'S lici cli;;nle.l oJ d,·lt]ll]JiJJg LLJ CI\'.JJ iJJdt-jii'JJrlcJJ\ id,·nlil\ lndu•d. ill ilk c•lc! ji<Iiri:llckd YiH\ thic. is an ill!JiUrl<llll n dSC>ll fur Ld;ing ll•cr <1\\ <1)'. The nwsl impurLIJJ! irllplic:~iiuJI of tl1is luss is tlr1t till' girl grmY'. up 1\ith no ot'lhe <l tlw right to a.;s~rl ht·r 0\',-Il]dllt of vic\\ -and little t'X]Wril'nce il1 aJticuLJ!ing Cine. Llcli of Sl'lf-eskt•m or of a seme of owrrL·rship of her OWl! lJody expose a WOJJEm to unwilntc·d pregnancy <llld !llJl;e her \'lilner"Lle to Hl\' infection. A typically submissive \\'ife in, fm e\<llli['k. Lioli:rn Africa i'> nut in 11 position to rl'f!Jst sex to her husb:md. ewn if helm other sexu;d p:lltiJers 111Jd sht: Sllojktt..<. th<1t l1e n1ay lw infeckd \Yilh l-l!Y A \\oman ]J(]S the right to n.fme sex in z:nv ciH lllllSI:IJJCes, 1'' lJtJt few young b1ides will e1 er g;tin r-nough self-conJJrlcJJCe or self-r:steenJ dming ti1E' coursr of their lll<li riagc to 11\oert sue it a right. Lack of schooling <ilso means that those girls and \\'OlllUJ v:Jw n1USt wc,rk to earn a living h"ve no qualifications or shills. lllitcrate women who are ~ban­ dmwd. widowed OJ divo1 cr•cl, or who are victims of gro1\·ing UJ han poverty, arc fr~rced into UIJlll!ltrci;,]ized versions of t]JciJ work <IS wives: cle:111ing, cookiJig, child-minding. They llFI\ C\'Pll enter the coJJlll1CJcicll s0x trz1rl~. In many Latin Amcriczrn count1ios (and clsev~herel, thcH: is a strong linL twt \\'cen very poo1. \'. CI!JlC'JJ-!Jr~?.dcd ]J<JIJSI?lif1lrl.s in mhm nlcas <llld nwni:1l occup;lliom --en ;ts~oci;J!ion tl1:it \\ill only rlimiJJisiJ \'.ltc·n edur:tlion;d ]i,·\cls <tll· r<1i1ocl. 1 '' \ l~ul \\·crk iLc;c·lf c:·Jll impact on tle]J\ilig hli:J! 1g lslmd. 1\ OIJJl'll \'. Jj(l \', (JJI.c·d ]J.:.~ a 1 A sr"th }lll]]Jd lh';T :·~ 1 L,;, \ Ll d: J;r L~clO! 0 p·,·J Ct:Jr ~-·~_',_~i~::-l~ tL~ 1; ~:J;d cd !Lc·.(,! ~lJ,~~-l ;dlJJCI~l ~j .\L , .. Llc! t]W.\l:' \\]JO ]J.Jd JW\l'l \\Cdt•d ct ;;]!_: tc•Jiclt·d to mtJT\- tlrm \\'l1vn <IJJd tit·s li:l\t Cl]•t'lli'clup fur \'.OLtclt. t]ijc L.t• ]J:d ill(' l'fft"il Ol l"IICiii!Llh'jiJg J'Zil Sll]i]'Ult fur tltcir r~· l'diit <tli11!J lncJl';LIC·d emolllH'Ill c.f gills in higher lc·\·0], of cdt!Ciliullal llnw lwcn coJJcli!Sileh· slJc,\\TJ to prodJJC0 improniiiPnts in L!lnily v, incJe:Jsl'cl me of cOJJimc•jltic,n, rc-d1H l'd inLillt niortalily and ecc1JJCJllJic ach ;:nug,·:, for socictyn" khniage age is Jllilt of a v,icb picture of interaction eco nomic ad1ance aJJcl increawcl pallicip;,tion of 11 Olllf:'ll in r·dtJcaiion_ Violence and abc,ndonrt'tent The UK working g10up on foJcl'd lll:trri~ge found that many of the victims of this pr<Ktice suffered iJCJm plCilc>nged clonwstic riolence, blit fp)l uml>lt· to h ;:vc thr: m~rri~ge heccuse oJ ecoJHIJllic pre<,sures, lack of family suppnrt and othe1 suci<ll ciJcllJJJslances. i1Jany crt<;cs of sl'lfh<Irm ancl suicide among Briti'.l1 WCJ11i'"li of Sonth Asian origin wm t]w;Jght tu be llnl;ed to forced marriage. If a wcJm~m did feel able to challenge tllf' ;iiu;Jtiurt, it often took l1er years to clo so. lf tl1i1 is ll<tppc·ning in a socie-ty 11here forcn1n:aJric,ge is not the nonn, il is sale to <J,:,tJJnc that such a challenge is fin les~ lil:C'l_y fm111 a girl in (Ill Ccll\'ircmmcrJt \rhne c:llly <llld fmced marri<1gcs are coJnJnonjJlace. Most a\'ailiiblc infc1rnr:tion on Ylo], ni aLIIJ'l' is an~cdotoL con'.is1iJ12 C>i int~n ici\c \\itl1 girls v,-]Jo haYc suf!cr,·rl tr<Jli)IJ:J w. <i result of tli~ir maniagcs. l-lm'J:\PL Dl IS }l1'!fl1t~ t·)J\ 11_1 rtll! du .su. ;;nd ;f~'.d\.: Tln·.~t· ·\\]11: 1hu5.L- \\'Lu dJ\_JrJ.)~~ Tl J!idll ]>;li!IJt·! <Jp,.riJSl lh" \'.hLn u] thw j':tlc!ll' br lil C\'1.'11 l:ilkd i!Jcil li!JJ tl~t JilL uf t!,,,. 'r'r <tlled 'lwii''IlJ l-:ilLJJ[l~' tll;Jt c,r till ill lll<l\ B:rJJgl<~rlt sli. Egvpl, Jr>J LclJ:!JJOJI. 'T1nhcy ;wd cl<('I':!Jere.' Lnlv llJ<JJii<Igl' is oflt·n liiJLl·d to 1\iJc clJ<1JJ(]ri]JJllf'IJl. ;1<; slJrnm by itc. rJCWcidtiuJJ v:itl1 diHIIl ,, <md Sf·j!<ti<Jtion.' \'iuk1r1 10\\';JJ cl.1 ;1 \\ ifc cu,·Jcivr sc·x. p];,vs ;: Jl!iljcJJ n>l" i11 Ill 1, id IJJ li\ <!.it k1s kc11 fr>und tiJ:Jt girL. wl!o m:nry e;nl) (JJl' tLJt·i liiJJI!S !lt•.>Jt lil:l'ly tc1 lw rlil'oJcc·cl tiLJil i]Jrl\1' 11ld:rinl L11cr 1"' A slucly in C:JiciJ(J;: lriliJ!d tl1ct \1-\u;:l l'ir,Jr'llrr i1: Jli<tiJ b ;;c.:,ori::H·d 1'i1l1 il g1eatl! lil:elihrilJd ul ioJJ tlnn jJ]l\'.\ic;:J \ j[,JcJJ(l' Zi]CJJJC. 1 ' Din11u OJ z:L:ndr1111m 11t oftr•JJ plung1'S il vwnJ.lll inlu pm erty. os siJc· 11511lilly Zl\Slll!Jr·s sulc reo] 'rm~ibility io1 de]Jcnch·nl rhildJL'lL lf ,]Je lll;micd young, il unclcJ-cdrJczJlHl and has fe\', iiicc;nJc-gcnc·J<iliiig skills. her poverty lli<J)' lw Jl!iil-. Studks of ynung moll1ers in Lnii11 P.JJJC'riczJ ;JJicl l]Jc- CiribLtil!l fo:1nd lJJ:it t]JC)' iln· JJICJH' Lkcly to Lc· cliiML;,Jil Li!cr i11 ilk in h1D.icn tllc\' i11L' si>: tiJJI•_o JW,rc to liC' i11 tr,;uJ 1' tLooc '.'.]w pmljJiiJJC'd cliildlJhJI TrillS 1 <illy m;JJli~.~l contri!Ji!li·:-, iu 1h ·r~ miniz,,ticill oJ pui',·Jt:, <ll1rl il'· il1l]JtlCt (J]l \ 'l=AKING /\CTION A 1oligo of prJ]icv and progr;JI!llllZttic actiom <11~ lll'l'dcd to rtrluce c;:Jly maram] ib illlpact. Actions to fulfii or H·stun· the rigl!ts of tlw:;e rllready nF:rricd s]Jmild go ll<I!Jd in lland \'>itl1 prP\ cJJiin:e actiom airnecl Jt l<.idu socit1Y. l11 c·itlJer GISt. tl1c· oilll sl)()uld Le to inlum1 that thc·y zne <JV:are of it\ true iiJijJlications ;md E-llljlO\\l'Jed lrJ r<.:sist it TIH role of goVtJJJlll2lll and ci\·il 'ocicl\ ill\litutium is to de\'elop and impll'l!i2JJ! ~-uitable systems to prennl or diiCOlll a,gt· tile practice. While the 1min iJC1ors licl]>ing tl!(J.Il pan·nts riwl \'CltlnU IJt•onlr· rllnf'n1lv r r1111- dirrwtlu 'lffr·f'tnrl \"ill r""''d.- ·d 1,,-,,.-.-l. 1,1 n;ltir,n:o] and iJJlcJJJil\ir,rLtl Y-m:d:L·L'· ;md ad\'ocz;tc•: is ill o;\LI lCJ ch;n1~~ tl10 Ji'']icy allCl JllU,~Idliillk eli rn;,tr. CJ1 c·J 1Le C'llti:r· ;1ctir>n \jJCc1nrn;, ;1 r.'ick 1arkiy o! ilctoJs 11111<.t IJc· r1 cl. including tEE:li<Jt;ns tl:C'mleh c.1 . .1dulr \\0111''11 "\•,• illld ln(']L ( (IIJl!lillllit:· ]l';,rJ l.\