ZIMBABWE: FROM IMPUNITY TO ACCOUNTABILITY and public disclosure in a way that don’t cause additional harm to the victim or witnesses; the search for the disappeared and proper recovery, identification and reburial of those killed, done in accordance with cultural rituals; an official declaration restoring the dignity, legal and social rights of the victims and those closely associated with them; apology and public acknowledgement of wrongs, and the admission and acceptance of responsibility; judicial (e.g. prosecutions) or administrative (e.g. truth commissions) sanctions against perpetrators; commemorations and tributes to victims; inclusion of the truth of what happened in national and international human rights training, and in educational materials. The abuses over all periods of the country’s history give rise to countless examples of the absence of any form of satisfaction to date. · Guarantees of non-repetition Again this is a wide field of specific remedies, including: effective civilian control of the military and security forces; restricting military tribunals and in accordance with international standards; strengthening an independent judiciary; protecting human rights defenders, lawyers, doctors and journalists; priority training in human rights laws and norms at all levels in society and especially in the police, army and security services; promoting codes of conduct and ethical norms by public servants, and in the police, prisons service, military, media, medical and social services, and amongst the staff of economic enterprises; monitoring and preventing inter-social conflicts, and resolving them; law reform. Here also it is all too apparent how far short Zimbabwe has fallen. In the context of the above five forms of reparation, it is also apparent how limited the ‘traditional’ remedy of civil damages is to the problems arising from gross and systematic violations. This is not to say of course that individual civil proceedings are irrelevant – their potential must be included in any reparation programme – but even at the best of times it is a slow and expensive route. When one is dealing with large numbers of victims and many perpetrators, all the ‘ordinary’ hazards of litigation are multiplied a hundredfold, including the problems caused by statutes of 34