4. GOVERNMENT ABILITY TO ADDRESS THE IMPACT OF OPERATION RESTORE
ORDER ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 47
4.2
FOOD S ECURITY .......................................................................................................................... 47
4.3
SHELTER ...................................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1 A Questionable Strategy and Questionable Methods ............................................................. 48
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CAPACITY OF THE HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY TO RESPOND................................. 51
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6.
OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................... 51
CURRENT LEVELS OF H UMANITARIAN R ESPONSE ....................................................................... 51
LACK OF AN O VERALL F RAMEWORK GUIDING HUMANITARIAN R ESPONSE ................................ 52
LIMITED OPPORTUNITY FOR HUMANITARIAN ACCESS ................................................................. 53
HUMANITARIANS AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR EVICTIONS ......................................................... 54
LIMITED SPACE FOR EFFECTIVE DIALOGUE ................................................................................. 54
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 55
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF OPERATION RESTORE ORDER................................................... 56
6.1
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 56
6.2
INTERNATIONAL AND R EGIONAL INSTRUMENTS .......................................................................... 56
6.3
NATIONAL AND DOMESTIC LEGAL F RAMEWORK ......................................................................... 57
6.3.1
Relevant National Laws ..................................................................................................... 57
6.3.2
The Regional Town and Country Planning Act Chapter 29:12/ 1976................................ 57
6.3.3
Enforcement Order............................................................................................................. 58
6.3.4
Service and Adequacy of Notice......................................................................................... 58
6.3.5
Status of Evictees................................................................................................................ 58
6.4
WHEN CAN G OVERNMENTS/S TATE P ARTIES BE JUSTIFIED IN LAW?............................................. 59
6.5
VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN R IGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN L AW ....................................................... 62
6.5.1
Right to Life and Property.................................................................................................. 62
6.5.2
Right to Freedom of Movement .......................................................................................... 63
6.6
DOES OPERATION RESTORE ORDER WARRANT EVOKING THE PRINCIPLE OF “RESPONSIBILITY TO
PROTECT”? ............................................................................................................................................... 64
6.7
DOES OPERATION RESTORE ORDER R AISE ISSUES UNDER THE ROME S TATUTE?........................ 64
6.8
CONCLUSIONS AND R ECOMMENDATIONS: ................................................................................... 66
SECTION C CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................ 70
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SPECIAL ENVOY.......................... 71
7.1
OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................... 71
7.2
CONCLUSIONS AND R ECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 72
7.2.1 Humanitarian Response.......................................................................................................... 72
7.2.2 Addressing socio-economic issues and reconstruction........................................................... 74
7.2.3 Addressing the land issue, macro-economic reform and governance .................................... 75
7.2.4 Addressing the issue of accountability.................................................................................... 76
7.2.5 Addressing the issue of human rights ..................................................................................... 77
7.3
LESSONS LEARNED ...................................................................................................................... 78
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 7 - SLUMS AND FORCED EVICTIONS: THE BROADER AFRICAN
CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................................. 80
ANNEXES TO SECTION A ..................................................................................................................... 84
ANNEX 1 – HOUSEHOLDS AFFECTED BY OPERATION RESTORE ORDER AND “M URAMBATSVINA”. .......... 85
Manicaland....................................................................................................................................................... 85
Unnacounted......................................................................................................................................................... 85
ANNEX 2 - F ORTY DAYS OF OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA: A MEDIA LOG ............................................. 86
Sunshine City: The days before Murambatsvina ................................................................................. 86
The Official Launch of Operation Restore Order ................................................................................ 87
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