11 However, as can be seen from Table 9, most violations are increased during election years, which was also finding in a recent Human Rights Forum report.19 Since there is no difference in the rates of reporting being a victim of Operation Murambatsvina, it would appear that it was the violations themselves that precipitated becoming refugees. Beatings Unlawful arrest/detention Threats Sensory over-stimulation Harassment Victim of Murambatsvina Psychological torture Witnessing violation Electrical shock Falanga Burnings Rape Indecent assault Table 9 No Election 46% 14% 71% 54%* 50% 14% 71% 61% 4% 4% 4% 25%* 11% Election 69%* 18% 77% 37% 37% 15% 81% 73% 1% 4% 10% 11% 7% There were no significant differences in the perpetrators reported by either group. Zanu(PF) supporters of one kind or the other were the most common perpetrators reported, and non-state actors as a whole were more common than state agents for both groups. Zanu(PF) Zanu(PF) Youth Militia Army Police War veterans Youth militia CIO MDC Unknown Table 10 No Election 39% 29% 4% 0 14% 14% 0 7% 0 14% Election 58% 24% 12% 8% 19% 16% 4% 5% 0 4% Case study: Margaret was an MDC official and campaigning for the Parliamentary elections in 2005 within the area of Mashonaland East. She and other MDC supporters were interrogated by Zanu PF youth and beaten. They were rescued by the police. On her arrival at home she and two friends were taken to a base camp called Commando One by soldiers. She was separated from her friends and kept in a room for about three hours. Two soldiers returned and instructed her to remove her 19 See again Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2006), An Analysis of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum Legal Cases, 1998–2006. Published by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. June 2006, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.