13 forced to drink her urine. Her urine was also poured over her body. She and her family were threatened with death if she did not attend Zanu PF meetings. Conclusions Women are clearly at great risk during times of organized violence and torture, or collective violence as the WHO terms this. Women can be direct victims, as is amply described in this report, or also they are likely to be the indirect victims, caring for their men who have been the victims. As the Special Rapporteur on Torture has observed: ―The torture of one individual affects the entire family and community of the victim. When the conditions in which a person is detained or the treatment to which she or he is subjected are made known to her or his relatives — sometimes intentionally, with a view to putting pressure on them or to punishing them — the impact thereof may also amount to a form of ill-treatment.‖24 Whilst there are no reliable estimates of the overall number of Zimbabwean women affected by the political violence since 2000, it does seem that the numbers are likely to be high, probably in the order of tens of thousands. Thus, it would seem that the general finding – that women are at very high risk of abuse during times of political conflict – holds true for Zimbabwean women. Zimbabwean women have been as much at risk of becoming victims of organized violence and torture as their male counterpart, and the consequences of this exposure are undoubtedly amplified by displacement, whether this is internal or external. As has been amply described in this report, women in Zimbabwe have been and are continuing to be the victims of organized violence and torture. In this sample, more women came after 2005 than in any other period before, and this certainly contradicts the view that the human rights situation in Zimbabwe is improving. Although women may not suffer violations as frequently as men, nonetheless the types of violations reported were not trivial, and very high frequencies of some violations were reported by women. Women were markedly more likely to report rape and indecent assault than men, and, as was seen above, the consequences of rape were serious; both because rape was associated with more severe abuse and because the health consequences were more severe. It was also instructive to note that, in this sample, the prevalence of rape, which has not been frequently documented, was very much in accord with a community survey in 2005, suggesting that previous estimates have been unduly conservative. As a whole, these women refugees had a very high prevalence of clinically significant psychological disorder, with 71% reporting scores on screening indicative of such disorder, and 53% required referral to a psychiatrist. 15% were placed on psychotropic medication, and 48% were referred for professional counselling, whilst 35% were referred to medical specialists from conditions related to their previous ill-treatment. These consequences were worse for those that reported rape. One finding should cause the South African authorities serious embarrassment is that concerning the refugee status of these women. A mere 36% had received a Section 22 status, and, only 2% had been granted refugee status. Given the strong prima facie grounds that these women have 24 See Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Fifty- ninth session Item 107 (a) of the provisional agenda, Human rights questions: implementation of human rights instruments. GENERAL ASSEMBLY, United Nations. A/59/324.