The only difference observed as regards the defendants is that the army is significantly more likely to be cited as defendant in cases containing a political element (Table 13). Table 13 Association of defendants with political events Non-political 72.3% 70.4% 34.6% Ministry of Home Affairs Commissioner of Police Ministry of Defence Political 65.9% 64.4% 48.5%* *χ2: Defence (5.76; P = 0.005) As can be seen from Table 14, the Riot Squad and the army is more likely to be named as the perpetrator in political cases, and, whilst the uniformed branch of the ZRP is more likely to be named in non-political cases, it is named in a very high percentage of the political cases too. Table 14 Association of alleged perpetrators with political events Non-political 43.4%* 7.6% 1.3% 14.5% 5.7% 32.7% 0 1.3% ZRP (Uniformed branch) ZRP (CID) ZRP (PISI) ZRP (Riot Squad) ZRP (Support Unit) Zimbabwe National Army CIO ZANU(PF) Political 31.8% 11.4% 0 23.5%* 6.8% 46.9%* 0.8% 3.4% *χ2: ZRP Uniformed branch (4.1; P = 0.05); ZRP Riot Squad (3.88; P = 0.05); Army (6.16; P = 0.005) Unsurprisingly, assaults and torture are more frequently reported in the political group (Table 15), but serious assaults are reported with very high frequency in both groups. Interestingly, falanga is reported with about the same frequency in both groups, so falanga does not seem to be a form of abuse associated only with political cases.25 Table 15 Association of type of violations with political events Assault Assault GBH Murder Property violations Theft Torture Unlawful arrest Unlawful detention Shooting Non-political 20.8% 64.2% 1.9% 5.0% 1.3% 57.2% 11.9% 18.9% 11.3%* Political 30.3%* 66.7% 0 6.1% 0 75.8%* 11.4% 20.5% 1.5% *χ2: Assault (3.5; P = 0.05); Torture (10.97; P = 0.005); Shooting (10.83; P = 0.005) 25 This is a form of torture described as focused beating on the soles of the feet with sticks, although now cables and metals are being used. It is said to have originated in Turkey but was also recorded in the Far East. Falanga is popular as its effects are difficult to identify medically. See Cameron Kippen, The History of Foot Torture, Curtin University of Technology, Department of Podiatry. <http://podiatry.curtin.edu.au/falanga.html>. 14