Zimbabwean citizens will vote but not participate in other aspects of elections. There are
extremely strong associations between some of the other measures as well. Political Trust is
strongly correlated with Freedoms and Democracy, as are Freedoms and Democracy highly
correlated.
Since there were some extremely strong associations, it seemed worthwhile examining
whether there was an underlying structure.
Factor Analysis
A Principal Components Factor Analysis was carried out with the eight main
variables (Lived Poverty, Access to Information, Freedoms, Political Participation, agency,
Support for Democracy, close to political party and Political Trust), and five marker
variables (year, age, residence, employment, and education), using SPSS (Version 20).
Correlations and their significance were calculated, and a total of 18 factors extracted on
initial solution. Seven main components were identified with eigenvalues of 1 or more, and
with a total cumulative variance of 70.81%. These seven components were not correlated on
a bivariate analysis, suggesting that the components were orthogonal, and hence an
orthogonal rotation using the VARIMAX rotation was carried out. This then gave the four
orthogonal factors, with the cumulative variance of 54.95%.
Table 2: Principal Components Analysis (PCA) on main variables
Factor
Middle class
Active citizens
Politically engaged
Employed
Loadings
Access to Information (0.810); Urban (0.795);
Tertiary education (0.625); Close to party
(0.612).
Political Trust (0.679); Freedoms (0.663);
Support for Democracy (0.635); Social Capital
(0.552)
Political Participation (0.815); Agency (0.499)
Employed( 0.841); Freedoms (0.244)
Variance
21.45%
14.13%
9.96%
9.42%
The first factor, notionally termed “middle class”, loaded on three variables that
would usually be associated with middle class, but had the additional variable, close to
political party, as part of the component (RAU.2015). This is interesting because factor
analysis in a previous study did not have this loading, and this group, was wholly unaffiliated
to any political party. The second factor, termed “active citizenship”, was similar to that of
the previous study, but is more nuanced and includes the variable of interest, Social Capital.
The third factor, “political participation”, loads unremarkably on political participation and
agency. Thus, those that participate in direct political activity, such as voting, attending a
campaign meeting, or working for a party, are also those that will engage officials such as
MPs, local councillors and government officials. Finally, the fourth factor, employed (in fulltime employment), are those that feel that can exercise (weakly) their basic freedoms of
saying what they feel and joining any political organisation that they feel.
The very interesting finding is that social capital does not imply much agency: this
group espouses support for democracy, feels that it has freedoms, and has strong political
trust. However, the key feature that social capital should create is political engagement, but,
as we have defined this, social capital in Zimbabwean women is wholly related to local
activity – belonging to a community organisation, attending community meetings, etc. It does
not appear that social capital facilitates participation in wider community, social of political
11
Select target paragraph3
Add to table of contents