kugara/kugarwa nhaka/ukungenwa (widow inheritance) which nowadays has become
a clandestine affair in which brothers of the deceased approach the widow, without
other relatives’ knowledge and approval and asks for sex also opens doors for
women’s abuse.
Roora/amalobolo (bridal price/lobola) in particular the commercialisation of it with
many families demanding exorbitant sums of money or material goods was also
seen as a factor leading to the rape of women in marriages. Once lobola has been
paid, there are expectations for a woman to agree to everything that the man wants,
including sex with her husband when he wants it, this reduces the woman’s ability
to negotiate for sex leading to marital rape
kupisa guva/umbuyiso, although rarely practised was identified as another factor
leading to girls’ rape. Under this practise all the girls in a family are taken to the
river for virginity testing after their father’s death. The mere act of another human
being, male or female inserting their hands into the sexual organs of the girls
without the girls’ consent, constitutes sexual abuse.
un’anga/inyanga (traditional healing), nowadays, the solution given by witchdoctors’
to their clients that sleeping with virgins or young girls cures HIV/AIDS is one of
the main causes of the rape of children as young as three years.
4.3.2 Religious practices
The respondents also pointed to religious practices such as early marriages (kuzvarirwakuroodzwa/ukuzalelwa) among the Apostolic Sects (Johane Masowe orJohane Marange), forced marriages,
false prophecies, and dreams in the apostolic faith about who should become whose wife or that sex can
be used for healing HIV/AIDS, and the religious teaching for women to be submissive as factors that
increase women’s chances of getting raped.
4.3.3 The dangers of the extended family
Outside these common practices, the respondents gave some interesting examples of practices that are
part of traditional existence, centred in the definition of family to include not only the core family but also
the extended family and the whole village. Ordinarily such practices should not be perceived as harmful.
However, due to the social disruption and moral decay that has pervaded society, the continuation of
such practices exposes people, in particular children, to sexual abuse. Amongst such practices was the
practice of entrusting children/ minors into the care of the extended family or neighbours.
4.3.4 Lifestyle and personal habits
Some of the examples given by the respondents can only be explicable within the context of harmful
cultural practices to the extent that they bring harm to the individuals who practise them. They are not
really cultural or societal norms, but rather individuals’ personal habits and lifestyle. These habits included
pole dancing, the use of body enhancers such as appetito tablets, going to a club at night (especially
among teenagers), women walking alone in dark places, getting drunk in a pub, and wearing revealing
clothes.
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