subsequent undermining of the informal sector during 2008‐9: to date, the structures of the
MDC and the ZCTU remain reduced, as is their capacity to mobilise.
2.
Criminalising of the informal sector: destroying the parallel market
The terminology of illegitimacy and illegality was used by government to justify the
clampdown on the informal trading sector, in the same way as the rhetoric of sovereignty was
used to justify the demolitions. The sector was routinely referred to as “illegal”, “criminal” and
“corrupt”, even though vending sites that were in fact licensed were demolished along with
unlicensed ones. Many of the vendors who lost their livelihoods were similarly licensed.
It is worth pointing out the difference between “informality” and “illegality” when referring to
small business enterprises, as it was the deliberate conflation of these terms that the
Zimbabwean government used to justify OM. Many commentators have indicated the almost
insurmountable hurdles that exist in third world countries, including Zimbabwe, in legalising
a small‐scale enterprise.34 Many such enterprises therefore operate outside of state‐decreed
structures and regulations, but are not illegal in the sense of being “criminal”.35 Yet criminality
and informality of small enterprises is often conflated, as it was in Zimbabwe in 2005.
As Potts has eloquently put it:
The issue of “criminality” (rather than “illegality”) as a feature of the informal sector is
worth discussing… because it is so frequently used to demonise the sector and justify
draconian interventions… Since… the informal sector is typically unlicensed/
unregistered, it is also “illegal”. The logical fallacy that all too often follows is that,
therefore, criminal activities are “informal sector”.… The conceptual muddling of the
categories is often assisted by geography. In poor cities, some criminals live in poor,
unplanned settlements where many people work in the informal sector. Obviously that
does not mean that criminal activities are informal, any more than formal sector
workers living in such settlements automatically become “informal”…. Poor people in
African cities living in unplanned settlements, and working in the informal sector, are
just as, indeed usually far more, exercised by the problems created by criminal elements
living amongst them, than the government or the rich.’36
The Chairperson of the Harare Commission Cde Sekesai Makwavarara on the occasion of the
official launch of “Operation Murambatsvina” at the Town House on 19th May 2005, stated
that the intention of the operation was to enforce by‐laws and stop illegal activities, including:
“vending, traffic control, illegal structures, touting/abuse of commuters by rank marshals,
street‐life/prostitution, vandalism of property infrastructure, stock theft, illegal cultivation.”37
34 UNDP
(2010); The Informal Economy, SMEs and the ‘Missing Middle’ in Zimbabwe: Some Observations; Working
Paper 9, Comprehensive Economic Recovery in Zimbabwe.
35 This debate around definition is similar to that of referring to ‘undocumented migrants’ as ‘illegal immigrants’:
lack of a licence does not mean that a business is in any other way ‘criminal’, just as not having a passport does
not mean that somebody is a ‘criminal’.
36
Potts, D. (2007), The State and the Informal in Sub-Saharan African Urban Economies: Revisiting Debates on
Dualism. Crisis States Working Paper Series No.2. Crisis State Research Centre, London School of Economics,
London. Cited in UNDP (2010), Working Paper 9; page 5.
37 The Saturday Herald, 28 May 2005. For full statement, see appendices of Discarding the Filth, op cit.
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