PART ONE:
INTRODUCTION and OVERVIEW
A. Main outcomes: 2005
In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government embarked on a massive, highly systematic
programme of demolitions of all informal housing in urban and peri‐urban areas across
Zimbabwe. Combined with a total clampdown on the informal trading sector, including the
destruction of official vending areas and confiscation of all wares, Operation Murambatsvina
(OM), or “Drive out the Filth” caused direct havoc in the lives of millions. The sheer scale and
thoroughness of OM set it apart from previous demolitions, not just in Zimbabwe, but in
Africa. These “indiscriminate and unjustified” demolitions caused sufficient outrage across
the world to precipitate a UN investigation in July 2005 – although none of the
recommendations have been acted on, five years later, and the government continues to
contest the findings.2
1.
2005: immediate losses of dwellings and livelihoods
Three million people countrywide directly and indirectly suffered, as a result of the
demolitions; an estimated 100,000 vendors were arrested ‐ many of them legally licensed and
selling from legal vendors’ markets; 560,000 people lost their shelter countrywide, with some
small centres losing as much as 60% of their housing.3 A further 2,4 million lost markets for
their goods, and/or remittances from the urban areas. Most of the demolished shelters were
of good quality with access to electricity, water and sewerage, and many had been legitimated
by virtue of standing for decades.4 The illegality of the government’s actions, which were in
violation of the nation’s own laws with respect to evictions, as well as in violation of
international statutes and protocols, has been noted in our previous reports on OM, as well as
by other commentators.5
2.
2010: impact of OM
Five years on, what observations can be made regarding the causes and impact of OM, bearing
in mind its context in the multi‐layered, cataclysmic decline of Zimbabwe, which began in the
1990s? There have been several statements from concerned human rights organisations in
the last few months acknowledging the five‐year anniversary of OM, and some anecdotal
information in the media that many still live in shocking conditions, but there appears to have
been no systematic attempt to trace outcomes on particular families and communities in any
detail.
2 Report of the Factfinding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the scope and manner of Operation Murambatsvina,
prepared by Mrs. Anna Tibaijuka, United Nations Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe, July
2005. Henceforth this is referred to as the UN Report.
3 For example, Victoria Falls lost 60% of its housing, with 3,368 units destroyed. Other figures from the UN
Report.
4 UN Report, ibid.
5 Solidarity Peace Trust (SPT) has produced three previous reports on OM. Discarding the Filth (June 2005),
pages 14 ff, for legal context of government’s actions. and pages18‐22, for details of how the poor were
“criminalized” in the media.
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