country, have found themselves denied a citizenship that had previously been a birth right.
And since 2000, the use of politically driven definitions of who is a ‘good’ citizen and who is a
‘criminal’ with lesser rights to every aspect of state protection – and who is even open to overt
attacks and punishment by the state ‐ has been an overriding feature of the crisis period.22
Murambatsvina can be seen usefully in this longer context of ‘sovereignty rhetoric’ that has
resulted in state violence against certain groups of citizens, of which OM has been but one
manifestation.
3.
Retribution for political ‘disloyalty’
The timing of OM was significant: in the parliamentary election of April 2005, most of the
MDC’s 41 seats were won in urban areas. Coming as it did in June 2005, OM has been widely
interpreted as an act of retribution against areas known by government to have voted for the
opposition, sending a message that it was irrelevant whether urban MPs and town councils
were MDC or not. As long as ZANU PF controlled the army and police, the ruling party could
do as it would in urban areas.23
In reality, many of those affected by OM were not MDC supporters. The operation was on such
a vast scale and so systematic in knocking down all informal structures, that it was
indiscriminate in its victims in urban and peri‐urban areas. Afro Barometer conclude in their
October 2005 survey that:
…there is trace – though hardly overwhelming – evidence that OM was partly a device
to rebuke urban voters for preferring opposition supporters…. We find that the OM
dragnet was cast so wide that it caught supporters of the ruling party as well as the
opposition.24
Ironically, considering the state’s aim, they further note that a significant outcome of OM was
the de‐legitimization of state institutions. Even as it was intended to ‘purify’ the cities of the
unworthy, OM undermined the state’s own credibility, including among its ‘chosen’. Across
the political divide, in October 2005 people viewed ZANU PF, the government and the police
as less trustworthy than before: “the crackdown undercut the ruling party’s already
dwindling base of support.”25
In March 2008, the first election since OM, the nation voted convincingly for the opposition –
including for the first time in rural Shona‐speaking areas. As discussed ahead in this report,
OM was not the only calamity to befall Zimbabwe’s poor between 2005 and early 2008 – the
collapse of the economy, education and health all exposed the failure of the presiding
government to protect the interests of its citizens. But OM may have had a crucial impact on
voting patterns; while displacing ‘worthless’ urbanites was one of the intentions of OM, this
may have backfired, sending some seasoned MDC political activists out into rural areas where
22 For example, in the 2008 March election campaign, ZANU PF election posters encouraged people to vote ZANU
PF in order to “punish and forever silence puppet sanctions‐mongers” – a very explicit and violent attitude to the
political opposition. See also Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum (May 2007): Their words condemn them: the
language of violence, intolerance and despotism in Zimbabwe, Harare.
23 SPT (2005), Discarding the filth, op cit, among many other commentators.
24 Afro Barometer (2006); Popular Reactions to State Repression: Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe;
Working Paper No 59; pages 9 and 10.
25 Ibid, pages12‐14.
17
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