humanitarian decline continued unabated, reaching its nadir in 2008.
The informalization of previously formal transactions as the crisis deepened was
another facet of the deterioration in the economic environment. With an increasingly
worthless currency, coupled with bank withdrawal limits, a growing scarcity of
commodities, and frequent price control offensives which often left producers in a
situation in which they were forced to sell at a fraction of the cost of their inputs,
survivalist strategies kicked in and there was growing recourse by remaining formal‐
sector operators to informal transactions, often on the basis of barter exchanges.48
5. Politics and patronage
ZANU PF patronage: Harare South
Reports have continued over the last five years of political patronage across the informal
sector. Interviews in Harare, in Hatcliff and Hopley Farm in June 2010 confirm that in these
areas, the few incomplete OGHK houses49 were given to CIO, prison officers, youth militia, and
police. Furthermore, in Hopley Farm, stands at the vendors’ market still under development
in 2010, have already been allocated entirely to youth militia, and the newly created jobs
linked to this site, such as security posts and litter collecting, have been allocated entirely to
ZANU PF supporters.50
In 2008, during the intense political violence of the election run off period, ZANU PF once
more heightened its long established policy of abusing access to resources, including work
and food, in order to reward those prepared to commit acts of political violence on their
behalf. Apart from promoting horrific intra‐community violence, those perceived to be MDC
supporters were pushed out of cooperative ventures and jobs in parastatals, to benefit ZANU
PF supporters. In the civil service, teachers perceived to be opposition were once more
hounded out of rural schools, and tens of thousands of youth militia were illegally added to
civil service pay rolls.51 With regard to political manipulation of the informal sector, Jocelyn
Alexander and Kudakwashe Chitofiri have written movingly of the impact of political violence
and patronage in Norton, a small town in Mashonaland during 2008, noting how the ZANU PF
leadership controlled who could benefit from the twelve fishing cooperatives in their area, as
well as stoking terrible violence in this village.52
While being ZANU PF has no doubt benefited some of its supporters in the informal sector,
particularly when willing hands are needed to carry out violence, the party’s capacity for
sustained patronage on a large scale is more limited now than previously; the size of the
informal sector is also such that most people across the entire political divide are left to fend
for themselves.53 Alexander et al’s article makes this abundantly clear – in Norton, now that
48
UNDP (2010), Working Paper 9, ibid; page 21.
49 See ahead in this report for more on “Operation Garikai”, under which the government built 2,000 houses.
50 Interviews, June 2010, Hopley Farm, and May 2010, Hatcliff. ZANU PF and MDC supporters in Hopley Farm are
living in different ‘zones’ with ‘Zone 1’ being ZANU PF. Hopley Farm is part of Harare South Constituency, with
the only ZANU PF MP for Harare, so is a hotly politically contested space.
51 SPT (2008), Desperately Seeking Sanity for details of the 2008 run off campaign.
52 Jocelyn Alexander (University of Oxford) and Kudakwashe Chitofiri (University of Zimbabwe) (2010), The
Consequence of Violent Politics in Norton, Zimbabwe, in: “The Round Table”, forthcoming, December 2010.
53 The curbing of the RBZ, in particular of its propensity to print money around the clock, as well as its schemes
of doling out ploughs, tractors and other farming machinery and inputs, has severely undermined ZANU PF’s
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