As regards the trauma events that would be classified as gross human rights violations, it can be seen from Table 9 that these selected trauma increase dramatically from 1998, with the frequency of all increasing by significant magnitudes, as would be expected from the many reports of gross human rights violations since 1998. Nearly 70% of the sample reported clinically-significant psychological disorders, as measured by the SRQ-8. As can be seen from Table 10, strong, statistically-significant relationships were found; between the presence of psychological disorder [SRQ-8], the total trauma score [the number of different types of trauma reported], the score on organized violence and torture [OVT] items [the number of trauma types reflective of organized violence and torture], the score on items reflecting OM [the number of trauma types reflective of forced displacement], and the number of different years in which trauma was experienced. TABLE 10 Correlations between Trauma scores and psychological disorder. Source: ActionAid International.2005. Harare [n=570] SRQ-8 TOTAL TRAUMA SCORE SCORE ON OVT ITEMS SCORE ON OM ITEMS NO. OF DIFFERENT YEARS AFFECTED 5.4[2.3] 6.9[4.5] 1.5[1.7] 3.4[2.2] 3.8[1.4] Bulawayo [n=386] 3.7[2.5] 5.2[3.7] 1.2[1.5] 2.6[1.7] 4.1[1.4] Mutare [n=239] 4.9[2.5] 6.7[3.6] 1.5[1.5] 3.1[2.03] 4.5[1.3] Total: 4.8[2.5] 6.3[4.2]* 1.4[1.6]* 3.1[2.03]* 4.03[1.4]* *p=0.01 Although the strongest relationships were found with OM [Operation Murambatsvina], there were nonetheless very strong relationships found with types of trauma reflective of gross human rights violations [OVT items] – torture, severe beatings, imprisonment, etc. TABLE 11 Relationship of torture and violence to overall OVT. Source: ActionAid International.2005. <1980 1980-1987 1990-1997 1998-2000 2001-2004 2005 Torture as % of OVT. 18.75 17.29 9.55 13.62 14.57 11.28 Total violence as % of OVT. 39.46 36.46 27.53 34.04 35.35 27.36 Table 11 shows the relationship between torture and violence as a percentage of the overall trauma scores. Except for the period 1990 to 1997, torture is a significant proportion of the total organized violence reported, and total violence [torture and severe beatings] becomes a very significant proportion of the trauma reported. The ActionAid International data could be criticized for being survey data, and hence subject to all the response biases to which surveys are prone, except for the additional data derived from the use of a psychiatric screening instrument. In addition to the trauma questionnaire used, the survey included a psychiatric screening instrument that has been widely used within Zimbabwe for community surveys, both of mental health and organized violence and torture. This was indicated partially in Table 8 above. 69% of the sample reported clinically significant psychological disorders, and the instrument used, the Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ-8], was significantly correlated with the reports of trauma. As is seen in Table 11, the SRQ-8 correlated with the total trauma score, and especially from 1998 onwards. TABLE 12 Correlations between SRQ-8 and Total Trauma [Experiences] score per year. Source: ActionAid International.2005. <1980 1980-1987 1990-1997 1998-2000 2001-2004 2005 0.034 0.022 0.064* 0.098** 0.11** 0.113** *p=0.01; **p=0.05 Thus, it would seem fair to conclude from these data, that human rights violations have been very common, especially since 1998, and provides strong prima facie evidence that gross human rights violations, and torture, have been widespread since 2000. However, these are verbal reports of torture rather than reports of torture measured directly, and here it is important to compare the survey data with that derived from more empirical sources. However, before doing this, it is useful to compare the survey data with that obtained from human rights groups. Page 17