C. Violations of the rights of the Dead
1.
Mount Darwin exhumations
During the last month, the discovery of bodies in a series of shafts and tunnels in Mount Darwin
has resulted in a group of previously unknown war veterans, “the Fallen Heroes’ Trust”
undertaking shambolic and unskilled exhumations. ZBC‐TV footage shows unqualified individuals
heaving around parts of skeletons and what may be mummified human remains, separating
upper and lower torsoes and throwing random bones and skulls into plastic bags. This trust
claims that they have “exhumed” in excess of 600 bodies to date, with hundreds more still in the
area. It is claimed that these are all victims of the Rhodesian army, killed during the war for
independence in the 1970s. The exhumations are clearly intended as a propaganda stunt to
bolster the anti‐white and anti‐west rhetoric of Zanu PF, as part of their campaign strategy.
These exhumations have been a violation of the rights of the dead to be treated respectfully and
in a way that does not dismember them and result in their remains being arbitrarily scattered
around. The exhumations have destroyed the possibility of accurately identifying who these
individuals are, and has seriously reduced the likelihood of dating when these murder victims
entered the gravesite. The latter process usually relies on artefacts that are contiguous with the
human remains, and the site is now severely contaminated and damaged.
The expert practice of exhuming human remains of those believed to have died as a result of
human rights violations by governments and guerrilla forces, is well established in parts of the
world. Protocols of minimum standards that must be complied with in such instances have been
written and accepted by the United Nations. Such gravesites are crime scenes and inexpert
interference with them destroys forensic evidence.
The Argentinean Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF) were, in 1983, the first to train and exhume
for purposes of identifying people who had been deliberately murdered and disappeared in their
own country. Since then the Argentinean team has undertaken exhumations in 40 countries and
has helped found and train exhumation teams in many Latin American countries.
In Africa, the Argentineans have exhumed or worked in South Africa, Namibia, Angola,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Sudan, Togo, Ivory Coast, Kenya – and in south‐western
Zimbabwe in the 1990s.
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