- victim/family-sponsored medical costs reported by victims, confirmed by medical personnel in organisation that provides medical assistance as costs incured before realistic and consistent with observed injury presentations - property losses reported by victims5 - income loss reported by victims, calculated on a 4 week basis using daily or weekly rates. To validate figures provided by the study participants as direct and indirect cost expenditures incurred following the effects of brutality by the police the following was done: - identification and validation of fee structures6 for health service provision by General Practitioners, Medical specialists, public and private medical institutions - referrals to appropriate specialists or service providers for cost structures - identification and validation of specified drug costs in retail pharmacies - mini-cost (including internet) surveys for cited commodity prices for property lost 1.5 Nature of violations Fig 1: Sten Zvorwadza lying down after brutal assault by police Picture courtesy of Newsday 5 could not be validated with police reports of property damage or loss as the police would be implicated and considered unreliable sources of validation. 6 including consultation fees, bed facility costs and specified procedures 10