140 \ Global Youth Development Index and Report 2016 Table A2.5  YDI indicators for the Civic Participation domain Code Indicator Source Latest year Global coverage of countries Number of countries with only one single data point in the YDI D5.1 Volunteered time; answered ‘yes’ to questions ‘Have you done any of the following in the past month?’ and ‘How about volunteered your time to an organisation?’ (15–29) Gallup World Poll (15–29 responses only) 2014 161 12 D5.2 Helped a stranger; answered ‘yes’ to questions ‘Have you done any of the following in the past month?’ and ‘How about helped a stranger or someone you didn’t know who needed help?’ (15–29) Gallup World Poll (15–29 responses only) 2014 161 13 technology is of growing importance in educating and preparing youth for the future. Health and Well-being ‘Teenage pregnancy rates’ has been removed from this domain and ‘Adolescent fertility’ has been added to the Employment and Opportunity domain, recognising that early pregnancy substantially diminishes young women’s opportunities to study, gain employment and participate in their community. ‘Alcohol abuse’, ‘drug abuse’ and ‘mental disorder’ (YLL) have been added to the Health and Well-being domain as they help give a nuanced picture of the state of health for youth. YLL is a summary measure of premature mortality (early death). It represents the total number of years not lived per 100,000 youth. The Global Well-Being Index produced on the basis of the Gallup World Poll has also been included in the 2016 YDI. The index looks at purpose, social, financial, community and physical domains within the youth cohort. Employment and Opportunity One of the major factors in developing the 2016 YDI was the availability of more and better data on youth NEET. At the time of writing, these data have three main sources: statistical tables of the World Development Report 2013 on Jobs, covering 120 countries;1 OECD NEET figures, covering 36 countries;2 and the International Labour Organization, covering 48 countries.3 To include NEET in the YDI, a global dataset has been compiled from the three main sources. Whenever merging data from different sources, care needs to be taken to ensure that the sources are comparable. Though the definition of NEET was consistent across the sources, it was noted that NEET data varied substantially from one source to another at the country level. To minimise the computational challenges associated with compiling a global dataset from three different sources, preference was given to the World Development Report 2013 as the source covering the most countries. For countries not in the WDR, data from OECD were used. These data on those who are NEET are now widely accepted as a stronger indicator of employment and opportunity levels in comparison with measures that don’t take education into account, as NEET reflect the positive impact that study can have on future opportunities, making further education a viable option for young people in addition to employment. There are, however, some risks related to this indicator that are worth bearing in mind. For example, some countries can have a good NEET score when many young people drop out of school early to find employment, but this lowers their ability to upskill and gain more skilled or highly paid employment later on in life. Thus, a good NEET score at any moment in time need not necessarily be a positive sign for the long term, particularly for developing countries. As discussed above, the adolescent fertility rate has been included in this domain as it has a significant impact on young mothers’ opportunities to participate in learning and earning.