within political institutions – even if they are from different parts of the political spectrum can strengthen women’s effective participation; • Addressing the barriers to women’s participation in public life: the way women are treated in public when they speak out; the way what they say is listened to and whether it is heard; whether women are asked to speak if they raise their hands; attitudes of family members and partners to women going out alone to meetings; and a host of other cultural and social dimensions. These need to be addressed to ensure that women are able to participate as citizens in the public arena. This must include working with men on their own restrictive attitudes and behaviours, as well as work that helps family members (and especially mothers-in-law) to understand why it is good that women are taking part in these spaces.5 References: Bratton. M (2014), Power Politics in Zimbabwe. London: Lynne Rienner. Bratton, M. & Masunungure, E. (2011). The Anatomy of Political Predation: Leaders, Elites and Coalitions in Zimbabwe, 1980-2010. Developmental Leadership Programme Research Paper 09 January 2011. Chikwana, A., Sithole, T., & Bratton, M. (2004), The Power of Propaganda: Public Opinion in Zimbabwe, 2004, Afrobarometer Report No. 42. Deth, van, J. W (2001), The Proof of the Pudding: Social Capital, Democracy and Citizenship, Paper resented to EURESCO Conference, “Social Capital: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Exeter, United Kingdom, 15-20 September 2001. Durlauf, S. N (2000), Bowling Alone: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/econ/archive/wp2029.pdf A Review Essay. Available at: Fukayama, F (2001), Social capital, civil society and development, Third World Quarterly, 22:1, 7-20. Mandaza, I (2016), Introduction. in I Mandaza, (2016) The Political Economy of the State in Zimbabwe: The rise and fall of the Securocrat State. SAPES Trust. Putnam, R. D (1995), “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78. Onyx, J & Bullen, P (2000), Measuring Social Capital in Five Communities, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36: 23. RAU (2015), Citizenship, Active Citizenship & Social Capital in Zimbabwe: a Statistical Study. May 2015, Harare: Research & Advocacy Unit. 5 Mohanty, R. (2007) Gendered Subjects, the State and Participatory Spaces: the Politics of Domesticating Participation in Rural India, in Cornwall, A.&Coelho, V.S.P, (Eds), Spaces for Change: the Politics of Citizen Participation in New Democratic Arenas, Zed Books, pp76 – 94, cited in DFiD (2010), The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States. Findings from 10 years of DFiD-funded research on Governence and Fragile States, 2001-2010, A Synthesis Paper. DFID. 14