Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................... 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................... 7
SECTION A SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF “OPERATION
MURAMBATSVINA” (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) ................................................................ 11
1
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF “OPERATION
MURAMBATSVINA” (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) ................................................................ 12
1.1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.2
OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) .................................................. 12
1.3
SCOPE OF THE F ACT-FINDING MISSION ........................................................................................ 13
1.4
HISTORICAL, SOCIO -ECONOMIC C ONTEXT................................................................................... 14
1.4.1 The Historical Context............................................................................................................ 14
1.4.2 The Economic Crisis ............................................................................................................... 16
1.4.3 Rise of the Informal Economy................................................................................................. 17
1.5
THE P OLITICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 17
1.6
THE MOTIVATIONS BEHIND TH E O PERATION ............................................................................... 20
2
THE URBANIZATION, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE CRISIS IN ZIMBABWE
22
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
RAPID URBANIZATION , THE IMPOVERISHMENT OF C ITIES AND POOR P OLICY R ESPONSES .......... 22
THE R ISE OF THE INFORMAL URBAN ECONOMY, C ONFLICTS AND C RISIS IN URBAN GOVERNANCE
23
UNREALISTIC H OUSING STANDARDS ........................................................................................... 24
INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 24
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 27
SECTION B SCOPE, EXTENT AND IMPACT OF THE OPERATION AND CAPACITY OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE AND THE HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY TO RESPOND 30
3.
SCOPE, EXTENT AND IMPACT OF THE OPERATION.......................................................... 31
3.1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 31
3.2
SCOPE AND EXTENT OF THE OPERATION ...................................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Methodological considerations............................................................................................... 31
3.2.2 Population directly affected by Operation Restore Order .......................................................... 32
3.2.3 Indirectly affected population ................................................................................................. 33
3.3
IMPACT ON POPULATION AND CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS ............................................................... 34
3.4
IMPACT ON LIVELIHOODS AND THE ECONOMY ............................................................................. 35
3.5
HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES OF THE OPERATION .................................................................. 36
3.6
ANALYSIS OF IMPACT BY SECTOR ................................................................................................ 36
3.6.1 Shelter and non-food items ..................................................................................................... 36
3.6.2 Water and Sanitation .............................................................................................................. 37
3.6.3 Food and Nutrition ................................................................................................................. 38
3.6.4 Basic Health Services ............................................................................................................. 38
3.6.5 HIV and AIDS ......................................................................................................................... 39
3.6.6 Education................................................................................................................................ 41
3.6.7 Children and Youth................................................................................................................. 42
3.6.8 Women and Girls .................................................................................................................... 43
3.6.9 Refugees.................................................................................................................................. 44
3.6.10
Other Vulnerable Groups................................................................................................... 45
3.7
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 45
4