orphans”. In fact, as the interview was taking place, a taxi driver arrived from South Africa and
deposited another five year old “diaspora orphan”, sent back to be looked after here! When
we returned for a follow up interview a week later, there were several more children added to
the household, meaning that there were now 25 in the household! An adult son was too drunk
to take part in the interview, and the only other resident adult, a 21 year old daughter, is a
single mother of two who is out of work and not contributing to the household. This valiant
grandmother is trying to do her best under very difficult circumstances.
Photo 11: this grandmother is doing her best to raise 20+ grandchildren
in a threeroomed house in Bulawayo [July 2010]
In only one other instance has the number of people living on the property increased since
2005, from 13 to 14, but in the same five years, this family has added four rooms onto the
house, meaning that the living space per person has improved, from 2,3 square meters per
person to 4,2 square meters per person. The addition is a council approved one, with bricks
and asbestos roofing. This family seems to be one of the few doing reasonably well, which is
attributed to children and grandchildren in the diaspora, who send money home.
In only two cases, we found that families have expanded the capacity of the primary dwelling
since 2005 – one is the above‐mentioned instance of a council‐approved extension, and in the
other instance, it was an informal structure that had been built. On the other 25 properties,
there has been no attempt to replace the structures knocked down, even in those few houses
where congestion remains an issue. Fear of further demolitions, and costs of building were
reasons for this. Many complained of loss of rent from tenants as a result of the demolitions,
but were either not able or not prepared to rebuild an informal structure.
“Decongestion” – a relative concept
Although congestion was reduced, there were still many inappropriate sleeping arrangements
being endured, with grannies sharing rooms with teenage grandsons, or women of three
generations sleeping in the living room every night, so that male family members could sleep
in the bedroom. This meant no privacy for anyone. Most of the houses involved in this study
consist of a kitchen, a living room and one bedroom, so once there is more than one adult
couple in a household, sleeping arrangements require much manoeuvring of furniture on a
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